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Wiktionary:Internatschonal Phoneetsch Alphabet

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Vörlaag:shortcut The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages.

This page gives a general overview of the symbols used in the IPA. As it is used for all languages, it would be impractical to explain to English speakers how to pronounce all of the sounds. Therefore, the symbols are grouped based on the features they have, or the parts of the mouth used to pronounce them. A dental consonant, for example, is pronounced using the teeth, while a bilabial consonant uses both lips.

Pages explaining the pronunciation of individual languages can be found in Category:Pronunciation by language.

Consonants (Pulmonic)

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  Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p    b       t    d   ʈ    ɖ c    ɟ k    ɡ q    ɢ     ʔ  
Nasal m ɱ n   ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  
Trill ʙ   r         ʀ    
Tap or Flap ⱱ̟ ɾ̪ ɾ   ɽ     ɢ̆    
Lateral Tap or Flap     ɺ     ʎ̯ ʟ̆    
Fricative ɸ    β f    v θ    ð s    z ʃ    ʒ ʂ    ʐ ç    ʝ x    ɣ χ    ʁ ħ    ʕ h    ɦ
Lateral Fricative     ɬ    ɮ            
Approximant β̞ ʋ   ɹ   ɻ j ɰ      
Lateral Approximant   l   ɭ ʎ ʟ    
  • Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
  • Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-pulmonic)

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ClicksVoiced implosivesEjectives
ʘBilabial clickɓBilabial voiced implosiveʼFor example:
ǀDental clickɗDental/alveolar voiced implosiveBilabial ejective
ǃ(Post)alveolar clickʄPalatal voiced implosiveDental/alveolar ejective
ǂPalatoalveolar clickɠVelar voiced implosiveVelar ejective
ǁAlveolar lateral clickʛUvular voiced implosiveAlveolar fricative ejective

Vowels

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Front N.-front Central N.-back Back
Close
iy
ɨʉ
ɯu
ɪʏ
eø
ɘɵ
ɤo
ɛœ
ɜɞ
ʌɔ
aɶ
ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
  • Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Symbols

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ʍVoiceless labial-velar fricative
wVoiced labial-velar approximant
ɥVoiced labial-palatal approximant
ʜVoiceless epiglottal fricative
ʢVoiced epiglottal fricative
ʡEpiglottal plosive
ɕ ʑAlveolo-palatal fricatives
ɧSimultaneous ʃ and x
  • Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary:
    k͡p   t͡s

Suprasegmentals

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ˈPrimary stress
ˌSecondary stress
ːLong
ˑHalf-long
˘Extra-short
.Syllable break
ǀMinor (foot) group
ǁMajor (intonation) group
Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

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˥Extra-high (top) tone
˦High tone
˧Mid tone
˨Low tone
˩Extra-low (bottom) tone

Diacritics

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Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊
 ̥Voiceless ̤Breathy voiced ̪Dental
 ̬Voiced ̰Creaky voiced ̺Apical
ʰAspirated ̼Linguolabial ̻Laminal
˒More roundedʷLabialized ̃Nasalized
˓Less roundedʲPalatalizedNasal release
˖AdvancedˠVelarizedˡLateral release
˗RetractedˁPharyngealized ̚No audible release
 ̈Centralized ̴Velarized or pharyngealized
 ̽Mid-centralized ̝Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)
 ̩Syllabic ̞Lowered (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
 ̯Non-syllabic ̘Advanced Tongue Root
˞Rhoticity ̙Retracted Tongue Root
  ͍Labial Spreading  ͈Strong Articulation  ͊Denasal
  ͆Dentolabial  ͉Weak Articulation  ͋Nasal Escape
 ̪͆Interdental/Bidental\Reiterated Articulation  ͌Velopharyngeal Friction
 ̳Alveolar  ͎Whistled Articulation ↓Ingressive Airflow
 ̼Linguolabial  ͢ Sliding Articulation ↑Egressive Airflow

See also

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